The Mathematics of Wheel Bias Detection in Physical Roulette

Picture a roulette wheel spinning. The hypnotic blur of red and black, the rhythmic click of the ball dancing over the frets. It’s pure chance, right? A perfect, random machine. Well, maybe not so perfect. In fact, every physical wheel has tiny imperfections—a slight tilt, a worn pocket, a minuscule groove. And those imperfections can, …